leather manufacture

• leather manufacture

• leather manufacture

leather manufacture/industry; leather-dressing, leather-working

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кожа̀рство,

ср., само ед. leather manufacture/industry; leather-dressing, leather-working; curriery; fell-mongery, fell-mongering.

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curriery; furriery

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1. production; manufacture; make

(добив) output

(нещо произведено) produce

производство на средства за производство production of means of production

стоково производство (production of) marketable goods; commodity production

масово производство mass/serial production, large-scale-production/manufacture

ръчно производство manual production

машинно производство mechanical/mechanized production/manufacture

поточно производство flow-production

серийно производство series/commercial production

наше собствено производство our own make/production

производство на обувки manufacture of shoes

производство на зеленчуци vegetable-growing

производство на въглища coal output

влизам в производството go to work at/in a factory

без откъсване от производството without interrupting o.'s work

2. воен. (повишение в чин) promotion

съдебно производство legal procedure/proceedings

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произво̀дство,

ср., само ед.

1. production; manufacture; make; ( добив) output; ( нещо произведено) produce; без откъсване от \производството without interrupting o.’s work; влизам в \производството go to work at/in a factory; дребно серийно \производство short-run/small-scale/small-lot production; единично \производство job production; масово \производство wholesale manufacture; mass/serial production, large-scale production/manufacture; машинно \производство mechanical/mechanized production/manufacture; недостатъчно \производство underproduction; поточно \производство flow-production; \производство на въглища coal output; \производство на зеленчуци vegetable-growing; \производство на кожи leather manufacture; \производство на обувки shoemaking; ръчно \производство manual production; серийно \производство serial/commercial production; стоково \производство commodity production; структуроопределящо \производство basic production; шивашко \производство clothing manufacture;

2. воен. ( повишение в чин) promotion; • съдебно \производство юр. legal procedure/proceedings.

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manufacture (машинно): manual производство - ръчно производство; make; mass production (серийно); yield{yi;ld}; legal procedure (съдебно производство)

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1. production

свё́ртывать произво́дство ( обычно постепенно) — phase out [phase back] production

сня́тый с произво́дства — out of production

2. ( добыча) production

3. ( изготовление) manufacture; ( из полуфабрикатов) fabrication

произво́дство по за́мкнутому ци́клу — captive manufacture

4. ( отрасль) industry

произво́дство без вы́хода на ры́нок — captive production

бонда́рное произво́дство — cooperage

бума́жное произво́дство — papermaking

произво́дство в о́пытных масшта́бах — pilot production

произво́дство в промы́шленных масшта́бах — production in quantity, commercial production

вспомога́тельное произво́дство

1. auxiliary process(es)

2. ( подразделение завода) auxiliary department

произво́дство га́за — (особ. природного) gas production; (особ. искусственного) gas generation

до́менное произво́дство — blast-furnace process

едини́чное произво́дство — individual [single-unit, piece-work] production

кни́жное произво́дство — book production

произво́дство ко́жи — leather manufacture

коксохими́ческое произво́дство — cake and by-product process

конве́ртерное произво́дство — converter process(es)

крупносери́йное произво́дство — large-lot [large-scale] production

кузне́чно-пре́ссовое произво́дство — press forging

кузне́чно-штампо́вочное произво́дство — press forging; ( объёмная штамповка) die forging

лесохими́ческое произво́дство — wood chemical industry

листопрока́тное произво́дство — ( толстого листа) plate rolling; ( тонкого листа) sheet rolling

лите́йное произво́дство — foundry

марте́новское произво́дство — open-hearth process

ма́ссовое произво́дство — mass production

мелкосери́йное произво́дство — small-lot [small-scale] production

моде́льное произво́дство — pattern-making

непреры́вное произво́дство — continuous process

произво́дство о́буви — shoe making

о́пытное произво́дство — pilot(-scale) production

полузаводско́е произво́дство хим. — pilot-scale process

пото́чное произво́дство — flow(-line) [in-line] production

прока́тное произво́дство — rolling

сва́рочное произво́дство — welding fabrication; ( раздел техники) welding engineering

сери́йное произво́дство — ( в противовес экспериментальному или опытному) quantity [full-scale] production; ( партиями) batch [series] production

произво́дство ста́ли — steelmaking

тексти́льное произво́дство — textile manufacture

произво́дство тепла́ — heat generation, heat production

труболите́йное произво́дство — pipe casting

трубопрока́тное произво́дство — pipe rolling

трубосва́рочное произво́дство — pipe welding

фабри́чное произво́дство — manufacturing, manufacture

произво́дство фо́сфорной кислоты́ экстракцио́нным спо́собом — production of phosphoric acid by the wet process

хлопчатобума́жное произво́дство — cotton manufacture

произво́дство чугуна́ — iron making

шве́йное произво́дство — clothing [garment] manufacture

шо́рно-седе́льное произво́дство — saddlery

шту́чное произво́дство — individual production

произво́дство электри́ческой эне́ргии — generation of electrical energy, electricity production

1. work ( върху at, on в at, in); be at work

работя усърдно/усилено/здраво work hard; work tooth and nail

работя като вол/кон work like a navvy/slave/ (cart) horse; sl. sweat o.'s guts out

работя със сърце put o.'s heart into o.'s work

какво работиш? what do you do? what's your job?

който не работи не трябва да яде he who does not work shall not eat

никак не му се работи he doesn't feel like working at all

работя нощно време work at night; burn the midnight oil

работя над книга work on/at a book

работя земята work/till/cultivate the land; work on the land

жена, която ра-боти (вън от дома си) a working woman

в неделя не се работи Sunday is a holiday

2. (правя, произвеждам) make, manufacture

работя обуща make/manufacture shoes

работя с (произвеждам от) кожа/камък и пр. work in leather/stone, etc.

работя с химикали work with chemicals

3. (за машина и пр.) run; operate; function

машината работи the machine is on

часовникът не работи the watch/clock has stopped

работя добре (за часовник) keep good time

машината работи с електричество/пара the machine is worked by electricity/steam

4. (за магазин и пр.) be open; operate

библиотеката работи до 8 часа the library is open till eight o'clock

предприятието работи на три смени the enterprise works/operates in three shifts

щастието му работи he is in luck; he is a lucky man

работя се be in progress, be in the making

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рабо̀тя,

гл., мин. св. деят. прич. рабо̀тил 1. work ( върху at, on; в at, in); be at work; в неделя не се работи Sunday is a holiday; жена, която работи ( извън дома си) a working woman; какво работиш? what do you do? what’s your job? никак не му се работи he doesn’t feel like working at all; \работя земята till/cultivate the land; \работя с прекъсвания work in/by snatches; \работя със сърце put o.’s heart into o.’s work; \работя усърдно/усилено work tooth and nail; hammer away at;

2. ( правя, произвеждам) make, manufacture;

3. (за машина и пр.) run; operate; function; машината работи the machine is on; машината работи с електричество/пара the machine is operated by electricity/steam; \работя добре (за часовник) keep good time;

4. (за магазин и пр.) be open; operate;

\работя се be in progress, be in the making; • който не работи не трябва да яде he who does not work shall not eat; \работя като вол/кон work like a slave/(cart) horse; sl. sweat o.’s guts out; умът му работи he has a fine brain; щастието му работи he is in luck; he is a lucky man.

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work: работя hard - работя усилено, We are working on a new project. - Ние работим върху нов проект.; function; operate: How does this engine работя - Как работи тази машина?; be on (за ел. уред): the radio is on - радиото работи; be open (за магазин и пр.); do

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SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities

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Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.

In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.

He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.

In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.

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v/t stamp; (Geld) mint; (Leder, Metall etc.) emboss; fig. (Wort etc.) coin; (Person, Charakter) form, mo(u)ld; (Sache) set the tone of, determine s.th.; geprägt sein von be marked by; positiv: auch be characterized by; prägender Einfluss formative influence; den Charakter prägen form ( oder mo[u]ld) one’s personality; ein Tier prägen auf (+ Akk) PSYCH. condition an animal to; diese Jahre haben sie geprägt they were formative years for her; Wälder und Seen prägen die Landschaft woods and lakes lend the landscape its character ( oder are the main features of this landscape); er ist von seiner Umwelt geprägt he’s a product of his environment; italienisch geprägte Architektur Italianate architecture, architecture with an Italian influence

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print

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1. vt

1) Münzen to mint, to strike; Leder, Papier, Metall to emboss; (= erfinden) Begriffe, Wörter to coin

2) (fig = formen) Charakter to shape, to mould (Brit), to mold (US); (Erlebnis, Kummer, Erfahrungen) jdn to leave its/their mark on

3) (= kennzeichnen) Stadtbild, Landschaft etc to characterize

2. vr

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1) (the process of coining.) coinage

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) coin

3) (to manufacture (money): When were these coins minted?) mint

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1. (durch Prägung herstellen)

▪ etw \prägen to mint sth

Münzen \prägen to mint [or strike] coins

eine Medaille \prägen to strike a medallion

2. (mit einer Prägung versehen) to emboss sth

geprägtes Briefpapier embossed writing paper

einen Bucheinband [blind] \prägen to emboss [or [ spec blind-]tool] a book cover

▪ etw auf etw akk/in etw akk \prägen to stamp [or form impress] sth on[to]/into sth

sich dat etw ins Gedächtnis \prägen (fig) to commit sth to memory, to engrave sth on one's mind

3. (fig: formen)

▪ jdn \prägen to leave its/their mark [on sb]

jdn für alle Zeiten \prägen to leave its/their indelible mark [on sb]

4. ZOOL

ein Tier auf etw/jdn \prägen to imprint sth/sb on an animal

5. (schöpfen)

▪ etw \prägen to coin sth

ein Modewort \prägen to coin an “in” expression sl

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1) emboss <metal, paper, leather>; mint, strike < coin>

2) (aufprägen) (vertieft) impress; (erhaben) emboss

3) (fig.): (beeinflussen) shape; mould

4) (fig.): (erfinden) coin <word, expression, concept>

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prägen v/t stamp; (Geld) mint; (Leder, Metall etc) emboss; fig (Wort etc) coin; (Person, Charakter) form, mo(u)ld; (Sache) set the tone of, determine sth;

geprägt sein von be marked by; positiv: auch be characterized by;

prägender Einfluss formative influence;

den Charakter prägen form ( oder mo[u]ld) one’s personality;

ein Tier prägen auf (+akk) PSYCH condition an animal to;

diese Jahre haben sie geprägt they were formative years for her;

Wälder und Seen prägen die Landschaft woods and lakes lend the landscape its character ( oder are the main features of this landscape);

er ist von seiner Umwelt geprägt he’s a product of his environment;

italienisch geprägte Architektur Italianate architecture, architecture with an Italian influence

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1) emboss <metal, paper, leather>; mint, strike < coin>

2) (aufprägen) (vertieft) impress; (erhaben) emboss

3) (fig.): (beeinflussen) shape; mould

4) (fig.): (erfinden) coin <word, expression, concept>

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to coin v.

to emboss v.

to stamp v.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.

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See also: Arnold, Aza

① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering

② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.